Bhadwahi (भदवाही) is a small village in the Surguja district of Chhattisgarh. It comes under the gram panchayat of Kalcha (कलचा). The village is situated on the road from Udaipur to Surajpur, about 18 km from the former and 40 km from Ambikapur, the district headquarters of Surguja. The village is famous for the remains of several brick temples. As the village contains a considerable number of antiquarian remains, it suggests that it once commanded considerable importance.
Satmahala Temple Complex: The name Satmahala, which means “seven palaces,” was given after the remains of seven temples were found at the site. Many of these temples are built of brick, and a few of stone. With further clearance and conservation expeditions, the remains of additional temples and other buildings were unearthed, and the complex now has more than seven temples. The temples are of a variety of plans; a few consist only of garbha-grha, a few have a garbha-grha preceded by a mandapa, and some have a garbha-grha, antarala, and a pillared mandapa. Most of these temples have square garbha-grha, except for a few with stellar plans. The majority of these temples feature the tri-ratha plan, and a few have plain, simple vimanas with no projections. This variety and diversity in the plans and composition suggest that the temple construction at the site did not occur as a single-time activity but was carried out over a period of time, resulting in an amalgamation of different styles. Most of these temples are datable to the Somavamshi period of 8th-9th century CE and the rest to the Kalachuri period of 10th-11th century CE.1
Panchayatana Shiva Temple Complex (Temple No 1): This is one of the grandest and largest temples at the site. The temple faces west and is built in panchayatana (quincunx) style. It is constructed on a 3-foot-high platform. The complex consists of a central temple composed of a grabha-grha, an antarala, a pillared mandapa, and four shrines at the corners. The garbha-grha is a square chamber with a Shivalinga inside. Externally, it has tri-ratha projections. The Antarala doorway has life-size panels of the river goddesses, Ganga and Yamuna, at the entrance. The oblong mandapa has eight pillars: four central and two at each end.
Shiva Temple (Temple No 2): This temple is situated north of the above temple and faces west. The temple consists of a garbha-grha and a pillared mandapa. It is tri-ratha in style and has a Shivalinga inside its garbha-grha. The bottom stepstone leading to the mandapa is carved with a geometric pattern.
Shiva Temple (Temple No 3): This small temple is composed of a garbha-grha and a mandapa constructed over an ashlar platform. Inside the garbha-grha is a damaged Shiva linga. It faces east.
Temple No. 4: This is probably the smallest temple at the site and has only a garbha-grha with a shiva linga shaft installed in its center. It faces west.
Temple No. 5: This temple faces south and is built on a platform. It is situated northwest of the large Panchayatana temple. The temple contains a garbha-grha and a mandapa. A shiva linga is installed in the center of the garbha-grha.
Temple No 6: This Shiva temple has only a garbha-grha, with the remains of a Shiva linga in its center.
Temple No 7: The temple consists of a garbha-grha and a mandapa. Inside the garbha-grha, a shiva linga shaft is placed.
Temple No 8: The temple consists of a garbha-grha and a mandapa. Inside the garbha-grha, a Shiva linga shaft is placed.
Temple No. 9: This is the second-largest temple in the complex. It has a garbha-grha, a pillared mandapa, and a pradakshina-path around. Lateral entrances are provided in the garbha-grha and mandapa; therefore, the pradakshina-path does not circumvent from behind the garbha-grha but only on the front and lateral sides.
Temple No 10: This is the largest temple at the site. It has a pillared mandapa open from all sides, with two garbha-grhas in the center.
Stellate Temples: Minj mentions two stellate temples found in the mound located about 250 meters southwest of the Satmahala complex. One temple is composed of a garbha-grha, antarala, and a 16-pillared mandapa, all built over a 5-foot-high platform. The temple faces east. The stellate plan is only reflected in the bhadra; the karnas are parallel to the main axis. The other temple is smaller; however, it follows the style of the former temple.
1 Minj, Rajeev John (2015). Art and Architecture of the Brick Temples of Chhattisgarh, Ph.D. thesis submitted to Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (Chhattisgarh). p. 175
Acknowledgment: Some of the photos above are in CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain from the collection released by Tapesh Yadav Foundation for Indian Heritage.